Martin Luther King, Jr., Gandhi, and the Power of Nonviolence

NCSS.D2.Civ.2.6-8. Explain specific roles played by citizens (such as voters, jurors, taxpayers, members of the armed forces, petitioners, protesters, and office-holders).

NCSS.D2.His.1.6-8. Analyze connections among events and developments in broader historical contexts.

NCSS.D2.His.2.6-8. Classify series of historical events and developments as examples of change and/or continuity.

NCSS.D2.His.3.6-8. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to analyze why they, and the developments they shaped, are seen as historically significant.

NCSS.D2.His.4.6-8. Analyze multiple factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras. 

NCSS.D3.3.6-8. Identify evidence that draws information from multiple sources to support claims, noting evidentiary limitations.

NCSS.D3.4.6-8. Develop claims and counterclaims while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both.

Writings of Mohandas K. Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on nonviolence

Set the stage for this lesson by having students read a brief selection on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s relationship with the work of Mohandas K. Gandhi available through the NEH supported project: Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project.  

Writings on nonviolence by Mohandas K. Gandhi

• Selected Letters of Mohandas Gandhi
• Gandhi's speech on the eve of the Dandi Salt March (1930): "But let there be not a semblance of breach of peace even after all of us have been arrested. We have resolved to utilize all our resources in the pursuit of an exclusively nonviolent struggle" (paragraph 2).
• Gandhi's letter to Adolf Hitler (1940): "Ours is an unarmed revolt against the British rule. But whether we convert them or not, we are determined to make their rule impossible by non-violent non-co-operation" (paragraph three).  
• Gandhi's "Quit India" speeches (1942): "A non-violent soldier of freedom will covet nothing for himself, he fights only for the freedom of his country" (paragraph two).

Writings on nonviolence by Martin Luther King, Jr. 

• Nonviolence and Racial Justice
  This 1957 article, based on King's experience during the Montgomery bus boycott, includes a review of race relations in the United States (paragraphs 1-7) and a concise summary of King's views on nonviolence (paragraphs 8-16).
• Letter from Birmingham Jail
  King wrote this famous article in 1963 while imprisoned for leading a nonviolent campaign against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. He explains and defends his tactics in paragraphs 5-29.
• As an aid to discussion, you might also provide students with "A Glossary of Nonviolence," prepared by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. See in particular the definitions for "Six Principles of Nonviolence" and "Six Steps of Nonviolent Social Change." 

Activity 1. Look at photographs of nonviolent protests

Begin your class discussion by looking at photographs of nonviolent protest during the civil rights era. Ask students to compare the practice of nonviolence, shown in the photographs, with the philosophy King outlines. To what extent do such images illustrate the concept of nonviolence as King explains it? Are there aspects of his philosophy that cannot be captured in a photograph? (For example, motive, moral commitment, historical context.) By the same token, do such photographs reveal any aspects of nonviolent action that King's philosophy overlooks? (For example, physical danger, explosive emotion, violence.) Images available through EDSITEment include:

• March on Washington, 1963
• The Nonviolent Protests section of the Eyes on the Prize website
• Timeline of the Sit Ins from NPR
• Courage at the Lunch Counter from the Smithsonian

Activity 2. Discuss Dr. King's writings

In the above video (5:44), Dr. King discusses why Gandhi's approach to nonviolent resistance had such a profound influence on his own efforts to bring rights and justice to people in the United States.

Follow your comparison of nonviolence in theory and practice with a class discussion of King's writings. Focus on the moral framework of King's thought and the dynamic element within nonviolence that led King to describe it as "soul force." Ask students:

• How does King characterize the choice between violence and nonviolence in the struggle for freedom? What does he predict violence will lead to? What does he promise nonviolence will lead to? Looking back, was he a reliable forecaster?
• How does nonviolence work? What are the stages of the process, as King describes it? What role does "tension" play in this process? To what extent is violence part of the process? How does public awareness contribute to making nonviolence a success? Would it work in a society without freedom of speech and freedom of the press?
• What kind of person takes part in nonviolent action, according to Dr. King? To what extent are they fighters? To what extent peacemakers? What part do politics and religion play in their thinking? What part do hatred and love play in their decision to act? Can you see yourself joining in a nonviolent protest?

Activity 3. Who was Mohandas K. Gandhi?

In his writings on nonviolence, Dr. King frequently acknowledged the influence of Mohandas K. Gandhi, who led nonviolent campaigns against racial discrimination in South Africa and later against British colonial rule in India. Introduce students to this important social activist and compare his concept of nonviolent action -- satyagraha (saht-yah-grah-hah) -- with King's.

• The above video provides a brief background on who Mohandas Gandhi was and what he sought to achieve.
• For background on Gandhi, visit the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India website, accessible through the SARAI (South Asia Resource Access on the Internet) website on EDSITEment. The "Mahatma Gandhi: A Retrospective" exhibit on this site includes a "Chronological Sketch," a two-part history of Gandhi's "Life and Times," a "Photo Gallery," and selections from his writings.
• Have students review the selection of Gandhi's statements on "Satyagraha," focusing on these two short passages:

  In the application of Satyagraha, I discovered, in the earliest stages, that pursuit of Truth did not admit of violence being inflicted on one's opponent, but that he must be weaned from error by patience and sympathy. For what appears to be truth to one may appear to be error to the other. And patience means self-suffering. So the doctrine came to mean vindication of Truth, not by infliction of suffering on the opponent but one's own self.

  Satyagraha and its off-shoots, non-cooperation and civil resistance, are nothing but new names for the law of suffering.
  . . .
  The movement of nonviolent non-cooperation has nothing in common with the historical struggles for freedom in the West. It is not based on brute force or hatred. It does not aim at destroying the tyrant. It is a movement of self-purification. It therefore seeks to convert the tyrant.... The essence of nonviolent technique is that it seeks to liquidate antagonisms but not the antagonists themselves. In nonviolent fight you have, to a certain measure, to conform to the tradition and conventions of the system you are pitted against. Avoidance of all relationship with the opposing power, therefore, can never be a Satyagrahi's object but transformation or purification of that relationship.

Activity 4. How do Gandhi's ideas compare to Dr. King's?

How do Gandhi's ideas compare to Dr. King's? Where does King seem to follow Gandhi's teachings, and where does he differ? Point out their agreement that nonviolence succeeds by transforming the relationship between antagonists and that it's strength lies in the individual's commitment to truth and justice. Yet Gandhi seems to emphasize a need for personal suffering in the practice of nonviolence, a posture that is somewhat less militant than King's call to self-sacrifice. And there is a similar difference between Gandhi's belief that nonviolence achieves its goals through patience and non-cooperation and King's belief that it takes "creative tension" and a degree of confrontation to accomplish change. Remind students as you explore these two philosophies that your aim is not to decide who is right and who is wrong. Both Gandhi and King proved their ideas in practice by leading nonviolent social revolutions that shattered the law of oppression in their countries. While admiring them both, however, one can still recognize that they offer two approaches to the practice of nonviolence, one rooted in opposition, the other in protest.

Activity 5. Discuss how nonviolence might be relevant today by staging a "talk show"

Conclude this lesson by asking students to consider how nonviolence might be relevant to their own lives. To what degree can we practice this philosophy of social change at a personal level? Explore this question by staging a "talk show" in class. Have two students play Gandhi and King as the day's guests, and take the role of talk show host yourself. You might focus your discussion on violence in school, antagonism between groups of students, or interpersonal conflict. Have students in the "audience" describe situations in their lives that illustrate these issues, and have your "guests" offer practical suggestions for handling them. How do ideas like non-cooperation and creative tension, suffering and self-sacrifice translate into everyday actions? Follow-up this discussion by having students write a short essay on the philosophy of nonviolence and what we can learn from it today.

As a companion to Gandhi and King, have students investigate the career of Nelson Mandela, who led the fight against apartheid in South Africa and finally emerged from more than a quarter century in prison to become the president of his country. Excerpts from Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom are accessible through the African Studies WWW website on EDSITEment, which also provides a link to the African National Conference Home Page, where you can access an Archive of historical documents on the struggle against apartheid and a Mandela Page which offers further background and a selection of his writings. Nonviolence was at the foundation of Mandela's political philosophy, but in the course of his career he came to accept the necessity of armed resistance. You might explore the interaction between these tendencies in Mandela's thinking, and consider what his eventual triumph, through a nonviolent transformation of government, suggests about the power of ideas.