What connections existed between trade and the economic, cultural, and religious life of Old Babylonia?

• Provide examples from the archaeological record indicating the existence of a trade network in Old Babylonia and beyond
• Read maps and artifacts for information
• List goods imported to and exported from Babylonia
• Point out trading centers and sources of raw materials on a map of ancient Mesopotamia
• Analyze the influence of trade on the economy and culture of Old Babylonia

The Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia lasted from about 2000 BCE to 1600 BCE. By about 1760 BCE, most of Mesopotamia was brought under Babylonian rule, largely through the conquests of Hammurabi, the sixth king in Babylon's First Dynasty. A famous and important source of information about life in Old Babylonia is the so-called "Code of Hammurabi" which indicates the importance of class divisions, family life, religion, and commerce. For more on life in Old Babylonia, see the complementary EDSITEment lesson Hammurabi's Code: What Does it Tell Us about Old Babylonia?

• For general background information, read the section "Mesopotamian Civilization" in the essay "Ancient Western Asia and the Civilization of Mesopotamia," available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Internet Public Library.
• For a general introduction to Nippur, a major Babylonian city and the focus of the second activity, read the section "The Holy City of Nippur" from the essay The Nippur Expedition from the EDSITEment-reviewed website The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago.
• For more detailed information on the history of Nippur read the essay from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago, "Nippur - Sacred City Of Enlil, Supreme God Of Sumer And Akkad."
• For information on the ancient Nippur map read the three paragraphs starting with the words, "The catastrophic abandonment of the heart of Babylonia." Reading the entire essay provides a detailed account of the archaeological history of Nippur.
• Review all web sites and materials students will view. Download photographs of artifacts students will be viewing offline. Download and prepare as necessary handouts from the downloadable PDF for this lesson. If necessary, prepare overlay maps for an overhead projector as described in the first activity. Blackline versions of the map are part of the downloadable PDF for the lesson.
• EDSITEment offers the following complementary lesson plans:
  • The Emergence and Evolution of the Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia
  • Hammurabi's Code: What Does it Tell Us about Old Babylonia?

• Activity 1. How Do We Know the Babylonians Traded?
• Activity 2. The Ancient Map of Nippur: What does it reveal?
• Activity 3. Far-Reaching Trade

Activity 1. How Do We Know the Babylonians Traded?

In this activity, students refer to a natural resource map of the region to learn the source of materials for Old Babylonian artifacts reviewed online.

Mesopotamia, a hot, dry region subject to floods, became fertile enough to produce a surplus of grain thanks largely to a system of canals first built perhaps a thousand years before the Old Babylonian period. In this way, agricultural products became available for trade. In general however, Old Babylonia had a dearth of natural resources. Ceramic bowls and figurines as well as bricks for buildings, were produced locally from clay. But clay was found throughout the Middle East. Bitumen, a naturally occurring residue from underground oil deposits used in construction and to waterproof boats, was one of the only other important natural resources in Old Babylonia. But artifacts recovered from the period often feature materials (such as gold) not readily found in Mesopotamia.

The Natural Resources Map, from the "Mesopotamia" site at the British Musuem, available through a link from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago, shows where many source of materials were located in the Middle East and beyond. Because some of the materials may be unfamiliar to your students, an explanation entitled Some Natural Resources Used in Old Babylonia is available in the downloadable PDF documents for this lesson. All online maps referred to in this lesson are accessible through a link from the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago, unless otherwise noted.

• If the class needs context for the location of Babylonia, begin by showing the "Modern Political Map of the Middle East" on the overhead or the online Modern Political Map. Students may be familiar with Baghdad and other cities located in what was once Old Babylonia. Use the overlay map of Mesopotamia in 1800 BCE or the online map Mesopotamia in 1800 BCE from the British Museum site to compare the locations of ancient and modern cities and countries/kingdoms. This is the area on which students will focus, in the years from about 2000 BCE to 1600 BCE.
• For all classes, make the Natural Resources Map (available through a British Museum link from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago) available to the students online or in a printout. Review the map briefly, describing the natural resources as necessary. Conduct a general discussion about the information on the map:
  • Which materials had to be imported in sea-worthy boats?
  • Which materials could be imported using riverboats?
  • Which materials had to be brought overland?
  • Which materials came from especially great distances?
  • Which materials would be relatively easy to transport? Relatively difficult?
• Students can now review the artifacts online independently using the EDSITEment Student LaunchPad. If students are unable to work online, print out images and information about each of the artifacts. Use the PDF Trade in Old Babylonia: An Exploration for Middle School Students as an alternative to the EDSITEment LaunchPad. Divide the class into small groups and assign each group one artifact. After students answer the questions about their artifact, groups may come together and present their findings to the rest of the class.
• A review of the artifacts proves that at least some natural resources were imported to Old Babylonia. But what indications point to the existence of a large-scale system of trade? Look at the ancient map of Nippur, a large Babylonian city, in Activity 2.

Activity 2. The Ancient Map of Nippur: What does it reveal?

Nippur, a principal religious center throughout the history of Mesopotamia, was the sacred city of the god Enlil, chief god in the Sumerian and Akkadian pantheon. Even after the Babylonians, through the expansion of their empire, made their chief god Marduk head of the pantheon, leaders still sent tribute to Nippur. In this activity students will use an ancient map of the city of Nippur to learn more about the impact of trade in Old Babylonia.

An ancient map of Nippur, available as an Interactive Map of Nippur from the PBS site, through the EDSITEment-reviewed Internet Public Library, reveals the impressive size (and presumably, the importance) of the religious center in Nippur as well as the infrastructure (such as docks and canals) of an important economic center. The Kassites, who were an important force in the region from the 16th to the 12th centuries BCE, took up residence in Nippur centuries after the city was abandoned, and created the ancient map of Nippur. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the city as it was in Old Babylonia. The Kassites built their new city on the remains of the old.

• Have students visit the Interactive Map of Nippur and read the accompanying text to gather information about the city of Nippur, to help them answer the questions in the quiz, Learning from The Ancient Nippur Map. Students should also refer to the natural resource maps from the previous activity where ever it may be helpful to answering the questions.

Note: Teachers of classes unable to use the Interactive Map of Nippur can use the Overlay of Ancient Nippur Map on Modern Topographic Plan of Site from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago. It shows the ancient Nippur map superimposed on a modern topographic archaeological plan of the site. This map may also be of interest to individuals in classes with online capabilities.

Activity 3. Far-Reaching Trade

Now that students have viewed some evidence in the archaeological record showing that trade was important in Old Babylonia, they will explore the impact of trade on Old Babylonia. Through an historically accurate but hypothetical interactive web activity structured as a choose-your-own adventure story, students will join a merchant on a journey to trade goods in a foreign city.

Trade touched virtually every aspect of life in Old Babylonia (ca. 2000 BCE-1600 BCE). Industries critical to trade--boat building, for example—flourished. Kings supported trade by developing an infrastructure (such as docks and canals) too expensive or complex to be built by any other entity in Old Babylonia. Kings were in turn supported through customs levies and the influx of materials such as bronze. While on extended journeys, traders made pilgrimages to religious shrines, which became important economic centers. Wealthy kings also paid offerings to religious centers. Not every trader journey was an extended one, however, and some goods passed through numerous hands on much shorter journeys before reaching their destination. In addition to commercial imports, traders brought back to Babylonia cultural items and ideas from distant lands, and these ideas had an impact on the development of Babylonian culture. The cultural meaning of many of these items was likely affected by the method of trade that brought the objects to Babylonia, such as whether or not it arrived with people by whom it was made, gathered, or harvested, or whether it arrived through a series of middle men.

• With the whole class, share the Introduction to Trade and Transport (from the British Museum's "Mesopotamia" site accessible through a link from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago). Show the destinations of each trader (Kanesh, Dilmun, and Mari) on the Trade Relief Map accessible through a link from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago.

Note: Dilmun, likely the present day island nation Bahrain, was a critical crossroads on the trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley of present day Pakistan and northern India.

• Assign class members to three or six groups. Each group follows one of three traders in the Trade and Transport Story (from the British Museum's "Mesopotamia" site accessible through a link from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago). The students' task is to look for connections between trade and religion, culture, and the broader economy. If desired, students can use the graphic organizer, Trade Connections, found in the lesson's downloadable PDF.

Students should look for incidents in the story such as those in which:

• the merchants benefit other businesses—for example, through the purchase of supplies—thereby stimulating the economy.
• levies are paid to the government.
• offerings are given to the religious temple.
• characters learn new things in their travels they might bring home with them. This represents a cultural exchange from one group of people to another.
• As a group follows a trader, it can explore all of the choices presented in the online activity, but must eventually follow the trader to the final destination. After the groups work on their own, bring the class together. Someone from each group should briefly summarize their merchant's journey. Then have each group share at least one example in each category showing the influence of trade on life in Old Babylonia. Compile the examples on a large chart using the categories on the graphic organizer.

Ask students to write a brief essay about the importance of trade in Old Babylonia. Their essay should concentrate on one of the following questions:

• How do we know that trade occurred?
• What materials were traded?
• In what ways does the archaeological record indicate that the central government considered trade important?
• What are the likely ways trade had a strong influence on other parts of the economy?
• What are the connections between trade and organized religion? Students should cite specific evidence for their assertions from the archaeological record and from the trade stories they read and shared.

Students should think about the following issues while writing their essays:

• some materials imported by traders and their uses;
• how trade was supported in Babylonia;
• the influence of trade on aspects of life in Babylonia not directly related to trade, such as religion, culture, government, and the economy.

They should use all of the information that they have gathered while completing this lesson, and use examples from what they have read in their essays.

• The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago offers separate lists for students and teachers of Recommended Reading on the Ancient Near East.
• Many scholars suggest that one motivation for city-states in Mesopotamian to expand through conquest was a desire to own important natural resources. After 1800 BCE, Hammurabi greatly expanded the city-state of Babylon into the Babylonian empire. We have no way, at present, of knowing with any certainty the reasons for Hammurabi's conquests. His motivations, therefore, are open to hypothesis. Compare the following three maps (available at a link from the British Museum's "Mesopotamia" site through The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago):
  
  • Mesopotamia in 1750 BCE (The Kingdom of Hammurabi)
  • Natural Resources Map
  • Mesopotamia in 1800 BCE
  In what ways does a comparison of the maps indicate the possibility that the pursuit of natural resources or control of the trade in natural resources may have been a factor in Hammurabi's conquests?
• One significant feature of Nippur was a large ziggurat, a temple built atop a stepped platform. For more detail on ziggurats consult the web page Ziggurats, accessible through a link from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago.

Selected EDSITEment Web Sites

• Internet Public Library
  
  • The History Guide
  • Ancient Western Asia and the Civilization of Mesopotamia
  • Heritage
  • Interactive Map of Nippur
• The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  
  • Art of the First Cities
  • Head of Male: Old Babylonian; 2000-1600 BCE
  • Necklace pendants and beads: Old Babylonian, late; 17th-16th century BCE
• The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago
  
  • Bronze Statuette: 18th-17th century BCE
  • Duck Weights of Hematite Early second millennium BCE
  • The Nippur Expedition
  • Nippur -- Sacred City Of Enlil, Supreme God Of Sumer And Akkad
  • Overlay of Ancient Nippur Map on Modern Topographic Plan of Site
  • Plaque Showing a Harpist: Old Babylonian; 2000-1600 BCE
  • Recommended Reading on the Ancient Near East

• The British Museum's "Mesopotamia"
  
  • Geographical Features
  • Harp and Lyre
  • Introduction to Trade and Transport
  • Mesopotamia in 1750 BCE (The Kingdom of Hammurabi)
  • Mesopotamia in 1800 BCE
  • Modern Political Map
  • Natural Resources
  • Trade and Transport Story
  • Trade Relief Map
  • Ziggurats