Lesson Plans: Grades 6-8

Jefferson vs. Franklin: Renaissance Men

Tools

The Lesson

Introduction

Founding Fathers

Credit: Courtesy of American Memory Collection.

At a dinner honoring Nobel Prize winners from the Western Hemisphere, President John F. Kennedy paid homage to Thomas Jefferson's wide-ranging interests and talents when he remarked, "I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone." Although the term 'Renaissance man' was not coined until the nineteenth century, Jefferson has become, for us, its exemplar.

Under different circumstances, President Kennedy could have invoked Benjamin Franklin's name as well. If we compare his achievements with Jefferson, Franklin would equally qualify as a Renaissance man.

Yet when one thinks of a Renaissance man from Colonial America, Jefferson invariably comes to mind first. Was Jefferson simply the right age at the right time? Or do his achievements justify his preeminent position? Has posterity given short shrift to Dr. Franklin? Who would your students select as the undisputed champion Renaissance man of the Founding Fathers?

Note: For additional activities comparing the achievements of Franklin and Jefferson, see the complementary EDSITEment lesson plan Jefferson vs. Franklin: Revolutionary Philosophers.

Guiding Questions

  • What were the achievements of Franklin and Jefferson in their various fields of interest? What connections existed between their shared thirst for knowledge and individual political philosophies?

Learning Objectives

After completing the lessons in this unit, students will be able to

  • List a variety of interests and achievements of Franklin and Jefferson
  • Take a position that one or the other's interests and achievements were more wide-ranging or that they were equivalent

Preparation Instructions

  • Review the lesson plan. Locate and bookmark suggested materials and other useful websites. Download and print out selected documents and duplicate copies as necessary for student viewing.
  • Download the two worksheets, Franklin vs. Jefferson/Scoring Sheet for Debate, available here as a PDF. Print out and make an appropriate number of copies of any handouts you plan to use in class. NOTE: If you choose not to use the Franklin versus Jefferson chart on p. 1 of the PDF file, prepare a master version of the chart (see Activity 3 of the Suggested Activities).
  • Both Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson are famed for their wide-ranging interests and achievements. How much do your students know about them? Students are probably familiar with Franklin's electricity experiments and perhaps his spectacles, fireplace, and Poor Richard's proverbs. Students are probably aware that Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence and became President of the United States. This activity has two purposes—familiarizing students with the amazing accomplishments of these two important figures and seeing the connection between their thirst for knowledge and their philosophical ideals. Freedom enhances one's ability to acquire skills and information. People who want to learn, crave the freedom to acquire the information they desire. An analogous example may be found in the life of Frederick Douglass, who recognized at a very young age the power he gained through the ability to read, a skill generally forbidden to enslaved Americans.
  • Extensive sources of information for researching Franklin and Jefferson are available online. The websites listed under Selected EDSITEment Websites, are of good quality and have very unobtrusive advertising or none at all. To maintain quality, you could limit student browsing to sites you have bookmarked, or, if you do not have adequate access to computers, you can download hard copies of the information you want students to use. Since students will be working in groups, you could manage this project with very few computers; allow groups equal access to the available computers in turn. Encourage students to use other sources from your classroom and school library.
  • For further reading, consult the Recommended Reading List provided here as a PDF.

Lesson Activities

Activity 1. Understanding the term "Renaissance Man"

Begin by sharing this quote from President Kennedy (and its context, as noted in the Introduction, above):

I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone."

What did President Kennedy mean?

Tell students that Jefferson is one of a number of important figures in the American Revolution who had very wide-ranging interests. Ask them to hypothesize why an interest in freedom and democracy and a thirst for knowledge are complementary ambitions. Tell students that Benjamin Franklin is also known for his wide-ranging interests. Brainstorm as a class the achievements of each man with which students are already familiar; write the list on a chart to reflect on later.

Explain to students that the term "Renaissance man" is used to refer to someone like Jefferson or Franklin who has knowledge in many fields. Are there any Renaissance men or women in your class? Generally, Jefferson is cited, as in the Kennedy quote above, as the greatest Renaissance man of the colonial period. Suggest that some people believe Franklin has been underrated in this regard. The assignment for the class is to prepare for a debate on the matter. Which Founding Father deserves to be declared the undisputed champion Renaissance man?

Activity 2. "Franklin versus Jefferson" achievements comparison

Divide the class into two groups—Franklin advocates and Jefferson advocates. Download, copy, and distribute to each group the "Franklin versus Jefferson" chart on page 1 of the PDF (see the Preparing to Teach This Lesson section for download instructions). Within the groups, students, working alone or in pairs, will be assigned primary responsibility for a particular field of endeavor (science, for example). Since they will undoubtedly come across a variety of information in their research, students who uncover relevant information about a different field of endeavor should share it with the responsible party. Someone researching science who learns something important about education should share that fact with the appropriate student(s). Students assigned the "Other" category should look for achievements in fields not specifically listed; there can be more than one "Other" category. One student (or perhaps two) should serve as the chair of the group.

The assignments are as follows:

FranklinJefferson
Economics
Education
Inventing
Public Service (National)
Public Service (State and Local)
Science
Writing
Other		Architecture
Education
Inventing
Public Service (National)
Public Service (State and Local)
Science
Writing
Other


Students can use the following EDSITEment resources to conduct their research. Before they begin, make clear to the class your ground rules for computer use. Remind students that they must make note of the sources from which they derive information. For website citations, the URL and title should suffice, allowing students to refer back to the site as needed. For downloaded information, refer to the document name and source URL.

Thomas Jefferson

 

Benjamin Franklin

 

Activity 3. Debate and competition for "Renaissance Man" champion

Once research is complete and the "competition" is set to begin, students should assemble in their groups on either side of the room. Appoint or have the class invite guests or students from the class who can be objective to serve as judges. NOTE: Only the chair of each group can offer points from the group, though group members should be able to consult with the chair as needed.

Flip a coin to see which group goes first. The chair of the first team names a field of endeavor and specifies an achievement; the chair can suggest a field of endeavor not on the chart, to be listed as an "Other." If the opposing team members can offer an achievement in the same field of endeavor, they do so. If they cannot, that area is closed. The judges decide if two achievements are equivalent, if a suggestion deserves to be termed an achievement, and if an achievement truly belongs in a newly established "Other" category. Achievements are then entered in the appropriate place on a master version of the "Franklin versus Jefferson" chart on page 1 of the PDF (see the Preparing to Teach This Lesson section for download instructions). Next, the second team offers an achievement that the first team attempts to match. Competition continues until achievements—or class time—are exhausted. If desired, the chart results can be scored as follows (as an example): five points for any uncontested area of achievement, one point for every unmatched achievement.

An alternative to the above is to conduct a conventional debate with teams taking positions: Jefferson should be regarded as the champion Renaissance man; Franklin should be regarded as the champion Renaissance man.

The structure of the debate could be as follows:

I. Opening Statements (Prepared ahead of time.)
II. Team #1 Argument (Offering specifics to support the position. Prepared ahead of time.)
Team #2 Argument (Offering specifics to support the position. Prepared ahead of time.)
III. Team #1 Rebuttal (Team specifically argues on the basis of the opposing team's argument. Give time for preparation during the debate.)
Team #2 Rebuttal (Team specifically argues on the basis of the opposing team's argument. Give time for preparation during the debate.)
IV. Q and A (Optional. Could be team-to-team or from judges.)
V. Team #1 Closing Statement (A summary specifying the strongest points explaining why "we" won the debate.)
Team #2 Closing Statement (A summary specifying the strongest points explaining why "we" won the debate.)

The debate could be judged on a point basis, as shown on the "Scoring Sheet for Debate" on page 2 of the PDF (see Preparing to Teach This Lesson section for download instructions).

4 Look back at the list the class brainstormed at the beginning of the lesson. Are students surprised by how much more extensive their list would be now? Do they now feel more or less strongly that an interest in freedom and democracy and a thirst for knowledge are complementary ambitions? What would students point to in the lives of these men to support their position?

Extending The Lesson

Selected EDSITEment Websites

The Basics

Time Required

3 class periods

Subject Areas
  • History and Social Studies > U.S. > Revolution and the New Nation (1754-1820s)
  • History and Social Studies > Themes > Politics and Citizenship
Skills
  • Critical analysis
  • Critical thinking
  • Debate
  • Discussion
  • Gathering, classifying and interpreting written, oral and visual information
  • Historical analysis
  • Interpretation
  • Online research
  • Oral presentation skills
  • Representing ideas and information orally, graphically and in writing
  • Using primary sources
Authors
  • MMS (AL)

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