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Sun	Mon	Tue	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat
1 1863—The Battle of Gettysburg begins 1804—George Sand, French writer, is born 1731—The Library Company, America’s first successful lending library, is founded in Philadelphia by Ben Franklin more	2 1964—President Johnson signs Civil Rights Act 1908—Thurgood Marshall, first African American Supreme Court Justice, born in Baltimore 1877—Hermann Hesse, German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter, is born	3 1863—Last day of Battle of Gettysburg. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia repulsed 1883—Franz Kafka born 1860—Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American writer and social activist, is born	4 1776—U.S. Independence Day: Congress approves Declaration of Independence 1804—Nathaniel Hawthorne, American novelist and short story writer, is born 1863—Vicksburg, Mississippi falls to Union forces more	5 1811—Venezuela, 1st South American country to gain independence from Spain 1858—Frederick Douglass asks, “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” 1923—Japanese-American poet Mitsuye Yamada born	6 1962—William Faulkner, American writer, dies 1935—His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama born 1942—Anne Frank and her family go into hiding	7 1981—Sandra Day O'Connor nominated to be the first female Supreme Court justice 1907—Helene Johnson, youngest of the Harlem Renaissance poets, is born 1758—Ben Franklin publishes “Improved Poor Richard’s Almanac” more
8 1918—Ernest Hemingway is wounded while serving as a Red Cross ambulance driver in World War I 1848—Charlotte and Ann Brontë arrive in the office of the publisher of Jane Eyre revealing their identity as women	9 1868—The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified as one of the Reconstruction Amendments 1961—American writer, Soviet spy, and anti-communist Whittaker Chambers dies	10 1925—In Dayton, Tennessee, a high school science teacher, John T. Scopes, is accused of teaching evolution in violation of a state law against it 1856—Nikola Tesla, Serbian-American inventor, is born	11 1804—Alexander Hamilton–Aaron Burr duel 1767—John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams and sixth president of the United States, is born 1960—Harper Lee publishes “To Kill a Mockingbird” more	12 1817—Henry David Thoreau, American writer and transcendentalist, is born 1904—Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet and politician, is born 1862—The Congressional Medal of Honor is established by joint act of Congress	13 1787—Congress enacts Northwest Ordinance, excluding slavery from vast territories in midwest	14 1834—American painter James McNeill Whistler is born 1798—Congress passes the Sedition Act, making it a federal crime to publish false, scandalous or malicious writing about the U.S. government 1919—American musician, singer, and activist Woodrow Wilson “Woody” Guthrie is born
15 1918—The Second Battle of the Marne begins —Thomas Bulfinch, American writer, author of Bulfinch’s Mythology, is born 1606—Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn is born	16 1790—Congress declares Washington, DC, the permanent capital of the U.S. 1951—“The Catcher in the Rye,” by J.D. Salinger, published	17 1936—Spanish Civil War begins 1453—Hundred Years War ends 1945—President Harry S. Truman, Soviet leader Josef Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill meet at Potsdam in the final Allied summit of World War II more	18 1792—John Paul Jones dies in Paris 1811—William Makepeace Thackeray, English novelist, is born 1817—Jane Austen, British author, dies	19 1848—First Women's Right's Convention, Seneca Falls, NY 1916—American poet and writer Eve Merriam born	20 1969—Astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon 1869—Mark Twain’s satire, “Innocents Abroad,” is published	21 1899—The American poet, Hart Crane, is born 1861—First Battle of Manassas, or Bull Run, is fought 1899—Ernest Hemingway, American author and journalist, is born more
22 1862—Abraham Lincoln read first draft of Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet 1849—Emma Lazarus, the American-Jewish poet whose words are inscribed at the Statue of Liberty, is born	23 1885—Ulysses S. Grant, 18th president of the United States, dies 1846—Emerson is purported to have visited Thoreau in jail (story later debunked as myth)	24 1911—Hiram Bingham discovers Machu Picchu, the ancient Incan ruin 1725—John Newton, slave ship captain turned preacher and author of “Amazing Grace,” born	25 1952—Puerto Rico became a commonwealth of the United States 1844—Thomas Eakins, American painter, photographer, and sculptor, is born	26 1856—Playwright George Bernard Shaw is born in Dublin, Ireland 1875—Carl Gustav Jung, Swiss psychiatrist, is born 1602—Shakespeare’s tragedy, “Hamlet” is entered into the Stationer’s Register	27 1946—Gertrude Stein, an American writer, poet and art collector who spent most of her life in France, dies 1953— Armistice ends the Korean War	28 1929—Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis is born 1866—Helen Beatrix Potter, English author, illustrator, and conservationist best known for children’s books, is born 1914—World War I erupts in Europe
29 1921—Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party 1805—French writer and political thinker Alexis de Tocqueville born	30 1818—English writer Emily Brontë is born 1863—Henry Ford, American inventor, is born	31 1919—Primo Levi, author of “Survival in Aushchwitz,” born 1965—J. K. Rowling, British author best known as the creator of the Harry Potter fantasy series, is born

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